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Gastroenteritis, often referred to as the “stomach flu”, is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines that affects millions of people worldwide. The symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. While many cases resolve on their own, gastroenteritis may lead to severe complications, especially in infants, the elderly, and individuals with compromised immune systems.
Understanding the causes of gastroenteritis is crucial for effective prevention, early detection, and proper treatment. At Pantai Hospital, we provide comprehensive care for gastrointestinal disease management, combining advanced diagnostic technologies together with patient-centered treatment plans. Our experienced team is here to support you in managing and overcoming gastroenteritis effectively.
Main Causes of Gastroenteritis
- Viral infections: Viruses (particularly Norovirus and Rotavirus) are the main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Norovirus is highly contagious and spreads quickly through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, while Rotavirus is more common in children and can be prevented through vaccination.
- Bacterial infections: Bacteria such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. Coli), and Campylobacter are the major pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. They often contaminate undercooked food, unpasteurized dairy products, and untreated water sources.
- Parasitic infections: Parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium may cause gastroenteritis, especially in areas with poor sanitation.
- Toxins and chemicals: Eating foods containing toxins (such as improperly stored seafood or contaminated produce) may lead to foodborne gastroenteritis.
Risk Factors of Gastroenteritis
Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing gastroenteritis.
High-risk populations
- Age: Infants and the elderly are more susceptible due to weaker immune systems.
- Hygiene practices: Poor hand hygiene and improper food handling practices may increase the risk of infections.
- Travel: Visiting regions with different sanitation standards (especially developing countries) may expose travelers to unfamiliar pathogens (“traveler’s diarrhea”).
- Underlying health conditions: People with chronic illnesses such as diabetes or immune system disorders may be more prone to gastroenteritis.
Preventive Measures
Effective strategies that reduce exposure to pathogens and harmful sources can help prevent gastroenteritis (DeBlasio, 2024).
Hygiene Practices
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially before eating, preparing food, and after using the toilet.
- Disinfect frequently touched surfaces such as countertops, doorknobs, and handphones.
- Avoid sharing utensils, cups, or towels during the infectious period.
Safe Food and Water Practices
- Make sure all meats are cooked to safe internal temperatures to eliminate bacteria.
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.
- Drink only bottled or boiled water in areas with uncertain water quality.
- Refrigerate perishable foods promptly and avoid consuming food left at room temperature for long periods.
Vaccination
- The Rotavirus vaccine is effective in preventing severe gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Most gastroenteritis cases resolve within a few days, but certain symptoms indicate the need for medical attention.
Alarming Signs Indicating the Need of Medical Care
- Vomiting or diarrhea lasts more than three days.
- Symptoms of severe dehydration, such as dizziness, dry mouth, or reduced urination.
- Blood in stool or vomit.
- High fever above 38.9°C (102°F).
- Individuals with chronic illnesses such as heart or kidney disease showing gastroenteritis symptoms.
At Pantai Hospital, our experienced medical team can perform stool analysis, blood tests, or imaging examinations to identify the specific cause of gastroenteritis and provide effective treatment.
Make an Appointment at Pantai Hospital
Understanding the causes of gastroenteritis and taking preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection and its complications. While mild cases can often be managed at home, severe symptoms require immediate medical attention to prevent dehydration or other serious outcomes.
Pantai Hospital is committed to providing specialized care for gastroenteritis diseases. Our expert team offers advanced diagnostic services and personalized treatment to help you recover and regain comfort. Make an appointment now, speak with our specialists, and receive comprehensive medical support.
References
1.DeBlasio, N. (2024, april 1). Gastroenteritis | Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment. Cincinnati Children's Hospital. https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/g/gastroenteritis
2.Gastroenteritis. (2024, December 13). NHS inform. https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/gastroenteritis/
3.Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu)-Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) - Symptoms & causes. (2022, January 18). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-gastroenteritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378847
