Understanding Your Gut: Causes of Gastrointestinal Disorders

Here is what you need to know about your digestive system.

At Pantai Ampang Hospital, we know your gut is more than just a digestive system. It is a remarkable partner in your overall health. Think of it as a busy factory, constantly processing food, absorbing nutrients, and even acting as a shield against harmful substances.

But even the most dedicated factory needs maintenance. Many things can disrupt the delicate balance in your gut, leading to discomfort like bloating, cramps, or constipation. These can be caused by:

• Stress: Feeling overwhelmed can throw your gut into a frenzy, affecting digestion and nutrient absorption.
• Diet: What you eat directly impacts your gut bacteria. A diet high in processed foods and low in fibre can be detrimental.
• Illness: Certain illnesses and medications can disrupt the gut microbiome, the community of bacteria living there.
• Exercise: While exercise is generally good for health, a sudden increase in activity or overly strenuous workouts can affect gut health.
• Age: As we get older, our gut bacteria naturally changes, which can sometimes lead to digestive issues.

Gut Disorders 101

Your one-stop guide to understanding digestive conditions.

A Deeper Dive into Digestive Health

Your digestive system, often referred to as your gut, is an intricate network responsible for processing food, extracting nutrients, and eliminating waste. When imbalances occur within this system, a variety of uncomfortable and disruptive conditions can arise. Here is a closer look at some common gut disorders:

Belly Troubles

1. Acute Diarrhoea

   This short-lived (usually lasting less than a week) condition causes loose, watery stools. Common culprits include:

   • Viruses: Rotavirus is a frequent offender in young children, while other viruses can affect adults as well.
   • Bacteria: E. coli and Salmonella are common bacterial culprits transmitted through contaminated food or water.
   • Food Poisoning: Spoiled or improperly handled food can harbour harmful bacteria that cause digestive distress.

2. Chronic Diarrhoea

   Diarrhoea lasting more than two weeks suggests a more underlying issue. It could be:

   • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): This functional disorder disrupts gut motility, leading to unpredictable diarrhoea or constipation.
   • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, both forms of IBD, can cause chronic diarrhoea due to inflammation in the digestive tract.
   • Lactose Intolerance: Difficulty digesting lactose, the sugar found in milk products, can lead to chronic diarrhoea after consumption.

3. Constipation

   Difficulty passing stools is a common complaint, often caused by:

   • Low Fibre Intake: Fibre adds bulk to stool, aiding its passage. Insufficient fibre intake can lead to constipation.
   • Dehydration: Dehydration hardens stool, making it difficult to pass.
   • Lack of Exercise: Regular physical activity promotes healthy gut motility and can help prevent constipation.

Inflammatory Issues

1. Crohn’s Disease

   This chronic IBD can cause inflammation anywhere along the digestive tract. Symptoms include:

   • Abdominal pain: This pain can be sharp, cramping, or dull and achy, often worsening after eating.
   • Diarrhoea: Frequent loose stools are a hallmark symptom of Crohn’s disease.
   • Fatigue: Chronic inflammation can lead to tiredness and low energy levels.
   • Weight loss: Difficulty absorbing nutrients due to inflammation can lead to unintended weight loss.

2. Ulcerative Colitis: This IBD specifically inflames the inner lining of the colon. Symptoms include:

   • Cramping: Frequent abdominal cramps, especially in the lower left abdomen, are a common complaint.
   • Diarrhoea: Often bloody diarrhoea is a characteristic symptom of ulcerative colitis.
   • Rectal bleeding: Bleeding from the rectum can be bright red or appear dark like tar.
   • Urgency to have a bowel movement: A frequent and urgent need to use the restroom is a common experience.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a functional gut disorder that disrupts the normal function of the intestines. Symptoms can include:

• Abdominal pain and cramping:This pain is often relieved by passing stool.
• Bloating:A feeling of tightness or swelling in the abdomen is a common complaint.
• Changes in bowel habits:IBS can manifest as constipation, diarrhoea, or a combination of both.
• Gas and flatulence:Excessive gas and frequent passing of gas are common with IBS. Sharp pain can also be felt low inside the rectum.

Triggers for IBS can include:

• Stress:Emotional stress can worsen IBS symptoms for many people.
• Diet:Certain foods, such as fatty or spicy foods, can trigger IBS flares.
• Changes in routine:Travel, disruptions in sleep patterns, or alterations in eating habits can all contribute to symptoms.

Food Sensitivities

1. Lactose Intolerance

   This is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk products. Symptoms include:

   • Bloating: Lactose fermentation in the gut by bacteria can cause bloating and gas.
   • Gas: Excessive gas production is a common symptom of lactose intolerance.
   • Diarrhoea: Difficulty digesting lactose can lead to watery stools.

2. Coeliac Disease

   This autoimmune disorder triggers an immune response to gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley, rye) that damages the small intestine. Symptoms include:

   • Diarrhoea: Chronic diarrhoea is a common symptom of coeliac disease.
   • Weight loss: Difficulty absorbing nutrients due to intestinal damage can lead to weight loss.
   • Fatigue: Chronic inflammation can cause tiredness and low energy levels.
   • Abdominal pain: Discomfort and bloating in the abdomen are frequent complaints. The only treatment for coeliac disease is strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. This means eliminating all foods containing gluten, which can be challenging but is essential for managing the condition and preventing further damage to the small intestine.

Other Gut Concerns

1. Gallstones

   Hardened deposits of cholesterol or other substances that form in the gallbladder can cause severe abdominal pain, especially in the upper right quadrant. Surgery might be necessary for removal.

2. Heartburn & Acid Reflux

   When stomach acid backs up into the oesophagus (gullet), it leads to a burning sensation in the chest known as heartburn. Lifestyle modifications like avoiding trigger foods and medication can usually control this issue.

3. Indigestion

   Occasional discomfort or pain after eating is a common experience, often linked to overeating, spicy foods, or rapid eating. Simple dietary adjustments can usually provide relief.

4. Haemorrhoids

   Swollen veins in the rectum or anus can cause itching, discomfort, and bleeding. While usually harmless, various treatment options are available to manage symptoms, depending on their severity. These may include lifestyle changes, minimally invasive procedures, or in some cases, surgery. It is important to consult with a doctor to determine the best course of treatment for you.

Remember: This information should not replace professional medical advice. If you are experiencing gut-related problems, consult your doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Schedule an appointment with us today!