What Is Melioidosis?

Melioidosis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a bacterium commonly found in moist soil and water in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. It affects both humans and animals and is primarily transmitted through direct contact with contaminated soil or water, inhalation of dust particles, or ingestion of contaminated water. 

The bacteria often enter the body through cuts or abrasions, making individuals working closely with soil or water such as farmers and construction workers, especially vulnerable. Geographic hotspots for melioidosis include Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and parts of Northern Australia, although increasing global travel and changing climates have led to cases being reported elsewhere,

What Are the Symptoms of Melioidosis?

General and Systemic Symptoms

Melioidosis often begins with non-specific symptoms that resemble the flu. Fever is typically the first and most persistent sign, often accompanied by chills and sweating. Patients may also experience headache, general muscle aches, and weight loss, especially in chronic or disseminated cases. These symptoms indicate the body’s systemic response to infection and may be the only signs in early stages. 

Respiratory and Chest-Related Symptoms

When the infection affects the lungs, symptoms may include a persistent cough, either dry or producing mucus or blood, along with respiratory distress such as shortness of breath or laboured breathing. Chest pain, often pleuritic in nature, may also be present. These signs are commonly seen in pulmonary melioidosis and can range from mild to life-threatening pneumonia. Lung involvement is particularly serious in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions or compromised immunity.

Skin and Soft Tissue Involvement

Melioidosis frequently enters the body through cuts or abrasions, leading to localised infections. Skin ulcers or sores may appear at the site of entry, often discharging pus. These superficial symptoms can be the first clue to a deeper systemic infection. Localised abscesses under the skin or in soft tissues are also common, particularly among those with frequent exposure to soil or standing water in endemic regions.

Neurological and Cognitive Symptoms

In severe or advanced cases, melioidosis can spread to the central nervous system. This may result in confusion, disorientation, or even seizures if the brain is involved. Such neurological symptoms are more commonly associated with bloodstream infections or when the bacteria disseminate to multiple organs, including the brain. These manifestations indicate a critical need for immediate medical attention.

Urogenital, Musculoskeletal, and Disseminated Manifestations

Melioidosis can affect various body systems. Joint pain or swelling can occur when the infection spreads to bones or joints, mimicking conditions like arthritis. Some male patients may experience difficulty passing urine, which could suggest involvement of the urinary tract. Abdominal or chest pain may result from internal abscesses. In disseminated melioidosis, multiple organs may be affected over time, requiring a longer duration of treatment and close medical supervision.

What Are the Treatments of Melioidosis?

Treatment of melioidosis is aggressive and involves a combination of intravenous and oral antibiotics. Delay in treatment can lead to severe complications or death.

Ceftazidime

Often used as the first-line treatment for severe melioidosis.

Carbapenems

Drugs like meropenem or imipenem are alternatives used in more resistant or severe infections.

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

The preferred oral antibiotic used in the second phase.

Doxycycline

A secondary option for those who cannot tolerate TMP-SMX.

Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid (Co-Amoxiclav)

Used primarily in children and pregnant women as a safer alternative.

Frequently Asked Questions about Melioidosis

1. Is melioidosis contagious between people?

No, melioidosis is not typically spread from person to person. It is contracted through environmental exposure.

2. How is melioidosis diagnosed?

It requires specialised laboratory tests such as blood cultures or tissue biopsies. Due to its diverse symptoms, accurate diagnosis is vital.

3. Can melioidosis be fatal?

Yes, if left untreated or diagnosed late, melioidosis can lead to death. Early treatment significantly improves outcomes.

4. Who is most at risk of melioidosis?

People with diabetes, kidney disease, or weakened immune systems, as well as those frequently exposed to soil and water in endemic areas.

5. How can melioidosis be prevented?

Use protective clothing, avoid exposure to muddy water, and ensure clean drinking water in endemic regions.

Book an Appointment at Pantai Hospitals

Melioidosis is an often-overlooked but potentially fatal bacterial infection. Its wide range of symptoms makes it difficult to detect without expert medical assessment. From mild skin infections to life-threatening septicemia, the disease can progress rapidly if not treated properly .

Do not wait—book your appointment today and start your journey toward better well-being. Our team is here to support you every step of the way. You may also book an appointment via our website or download othe MyHealth360 application from the Google Play Store or Apple App Store.

Pantai Hospitals have been accredited by the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) for its commitment to patient safety and service quality.