Endocarditis: Insights into Heart Infections

Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves (endocardium), usually caused by bacteria or fungi. Endocarditis has the potential to damage or destroy your heart valves and it can be life-threatening if left untreated.

What are the causes of endocarditis?

Improper dental hygiene e.g., improper toothbrushing and flossing
Long-term use of catheters (thin tubes used to inject or remove fluid from the body)
Contaminated needles through illegal drug use e.g., heroin or cocaine

What are the symptoms of endocarditis?

Aching joints and muscles
Chest pain when breathing
Fatigue
Fever and chills
Night sweats
Shortness of breath
Swelling in your feet, legs, or abdomen
A new or changed heart murmur
Skin rash
Pain, tenderness, redness or swelling
Wound or cut that won't heal
Red, warm, or draining sore
Sore throat, scratchy throat or pain when swallowing

What are the risk factors for endocarditis?

Older age
Artificial (prosthetic) heart valves
Damaged heart valves (due to rheumatic fever or infections)
Congenital heart defects
Implanted heart device (e.g., pacemaker)
History of endocarditis
History of illegal intravenous drug use
Poor dental health
Long-term catheter use

How is endocarditis diagnosed?

Symptoms of infection
Blood cultures
Echocardiogram

What are the treatment options for endocarditis?

Broad spectrum antibiotics
Surgery to repair a damaged heart valve and to improve heart function

What are the prevention tips for endocarditis?

Understand the symptoms and signs of endocarditis and seek medical advice immediately if you develop the symptoms
Practice good dental hygiene to preserve your overall health by frequently brushing and flossing your teeth and gums, and having regular dental check-ups
Do not use illegal intravenous drugs as dirty needles can increase your risk of endocarditis
Take preventive antibiotics before a dental or medical procedure if you are at high risk of endocarditis

References

Endocarditis. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endocarditis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352576 [Accessed on 10 May 2022]
Endocarditis. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16957-endocarditis [Accessed on 10 May 2022]