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Leptospirosis, a bacterial infection brought on by Leptospira bacteria, is usually transmitted to humans through exposure to water or soil contaminated with infected animals’ urine. The disease is widespread in tropical areas and regions vulnerable to heavy flooding or rainfall.
It is important to identify leptospirosis symptoms early because the disease escalates quickly if left untreated. Leptospirosis may exhibit symptoms commonly mistaken for flu, making diagnosis challenging without actual testing.
What are the Early Symptoms of Leptospirosis?
Usually, leptospirosis symptoms are non-specific and can be easily mistaken for the flu during its early stages.
Fever and Chills | A fever is one of the most common early symptoms, which can spike abruptly and go on for a few days. Usually, patients also experience shivering and chills along with the fever. The fever may go beyond 38°C and may vary throughout the day. |
Headaches and Muscle Aches | Serious headaches are another symptom of early leptospirosis. Muscle pain–especially felt in the calves, thighs, and lower back–is another common symptom, making it challenging for patients to stand or move comfortably. |
Nausea and Loss of Appetite | Many patients reveal that they feel nauseated, which can lead to a notable decrease in appetite, exacerbating weakness, and dehydration. |
What are the Advanced Symptoms of Leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis, if left undetected and treated late, the disease can escalate to more serious symptoms, and dire medical attention may be needed in this case. In later stages, the bacteria disperse throughout the bloodstream, impacting many organs and causing severe health issues.
Jaundice (Yellowing of Skin and Eyes) | Jaundice happens when the infection disperses to the liver, interfering with its function and leading to a buildup of bilirubin, giving the eyes and skin a yellowish tint. This symptom is a sign that the liver is going through significant stress. |
Kidney Dysfunction and Dehydration | When leptospirosis reaches the later stages, the kidneys are also at risk. Patients may realise lower urine output or the colour of their urine becomes abnormally dark. In serious cases, the kidneys may not be able to filter waste efficiently, causing acute kidney injury or even failure. |
Respiratory Issues (Cough and Breathlessness) | Respiratory symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing may also occur as the infection disperses to the lungs. |
What are the Complications of Untreated Leptospirosis?
Serious complications, some of which may be fatal, can occur if leptospirosis is left untreated. The infection can lead to meningitis, which The infection can lead to meningitis, involving brain and spinal cord membrane inflammation. Liver failure is caused by liver damage, and specialised care is needed.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is my pet at risk for leptospirosis?
Yes, leptospirosis can be contracted by pets, especially dogs, and may pass it to humans through urine.
2. How much time does it take for symptoms to show up?
Leptospirosis symptoms often show up 2 to 30 days after being exposed to the bacteria.
3. Is leptospirosis contagious?
It is uncommon for leptospirosis to spread from one individual to another.
4. What tests are taken to diagnose leptospirosis?
Confirmation of the existence of Leptospira bacteria or antibody detection requires doctors to carry out blood and urine tests. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests may be taken as well.
5. How to prevent leptospirosis when I travel or engage in outdoor activities?
You should avoid swimming in possibly contaminated water sources, and wear clothing and footwear that protect your skin in rural or flood-prone areas to help prevent leptospirosis.
Schedule an Appointment at Pantai Hospitals
If you have any inquiries about leptospirosis, get in touch with us to book an appointment at your nearest Pantai Hospital. To schedule a health screening or consultation, please contact the health screening centre at the Pantai Hospital nearest to you.
Pantai Hospitals have been accredited by the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) for its commitment to patient safety and service quality.
