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Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death globally, but advancements in early detection are improving outcomes. Tumour markers, substances found in the blood, urine, or tissue, are crucial in identifying cancers at an early stage. This article explores how tumour markers assist in early cancer detection and the role of cancer treatment in Malaysia.
What Are Tumour Markers?
Tumour markers are proteins or other substances produced by cancer cells or by the body in response to cancer. They are often present in higher-than-normal levels in patients with cancer. While tumour markers alone are not enough for a diagnosis, they serve as an important tool for early cancer detection, monitoring treatment progress, and detecting recurrence. Some common tumour markers include cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), each of which is linked to specific types of cancer.
Why Are Tumour Markers Important?
In some cases, tumour markers can help detect cancer early, even before symptoms appear. During cancer treatment, measuring tumour marker levels helps assess how well therapies are working. A decrease in marker levels often indicates that the treatment is effectively reducing cancer activity, while rising levels may signal resistance to therapy or disease progression. Additionally, tumour markers can provide insight into the stage and aggressiveness of cancer. Higher levels of certain markers might be associated with more advanced or aggressive forms of the disease, aiding in prognostication and treatment planning.
After successful cancer treatment, regular monitoring of tumour markers can help detect recurrence early. A sudden rise in marker levels might indicate that cancer has returned, enabling prompt intervention.
Which Tumour Markers Are Used for Specific Types of Cancer?
- Prostate Cancer: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most common tumour marker used for prostate cancer detection. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer, though they can also be linked to non-cancerous conditions.
- Ovarian Cancer: CA-125 is a well-known marker for ovarian cancer. While it is not conclusive on its own, high levels of CA-125 are often associated with ovarian cancer, and measuring these levels can help detect the disease early.
- Colorectal Cancer: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is often used to detect colorectal cancer. CEA levels can increase due to other conditions, but when combined with other diagnostic tools, it can help confirm a diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
- Liver Cancer: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a key marker for liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma. Increased AFP levels are often seen in liver cancer patients and help identify those at risk.
- Breast Cancer: HER2 is a gene marker associated with aggressive breast cancer. HER2 testing helps determine if the cancer cells have excess amounts of this protein, guiding treatment strategies.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Can exercise lower cancer risk?
Yes, regular physical activity can reduce the risk of several types of cancer, by maintaining a healthy weight and regulating hormone levels.
2. Can tumour markers be used to diagnose all cancers?
No, tumour markers are not suitable for diagnosing all cancers. They are more effective for certain types of cancer and are usually combined with other diagnostic tools like imaging and biopsies.
3. How often should tumour markers be tested during treatment?
The frequency of tumour marker testing depends on the type of cancer and the treatment plan. Generally, tumour markers are tested after each round of treatment to assess effectiveness.
4. Is cancer hereditary?
While most cancers are not hereditary, a family history of cancer may indicate an increased risk due to genetic or shared environmental factors.
Book an Appointment at Pantai Hospitals
Early detection of cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes, and tumour marker testing plays a key role in this process. If you have any questions about cancer screening or tumour marker testing, contact us to schedule an appointment at your nearest Pantai Hospitals. The expert team of multidisciplinary specialists can provide professional advice and guidance on detecting and treating cancer, as well as discuss the latest advancements in cancer care.
To book an appointment for a cancer screening or consultation, please reach out to the oncology department at your nearest Pantai Hospitals.
Pantai Hospitals have been accredited by the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) for its commitment to patient safety and service quality.
