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Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among men, specifically those over 50 years old. Initial detection notably improves the opportunities of effective treatment. One of the main tools used in early detection is the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test, a simple blood test that plays an important role in prostate cancer screening.
This article explains what PSA screening is, its importance, and how it slots into Malaysia’s wider cancer screening efforts.
An Overview of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test
The PSA test quantifies the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood of a man. PSA is a protein produced by tissues in the prostate, which is a tiny gland found below the men’s bladder.
Purpose of PSA Testing
The test is mainly used to detect prostate cancer. High PSA levels could be a sign of cancer presence, although non-cancerous conditions like prostatitis (prostate inflammation) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) can also increase PSA levels.
How the Test Works
A straightforward blood sample is obtained and examined in a laboratory to determine PSA levels. Results are normally given in nanograms per millilitre (ng/mL). If an individual without prostate cancer symptoms opts for screening and has abnormal PSA results, the doctor may recommend repeating the PSA test in 6 to 8 weeks to confirm the results. If the PSA stays high, ongoing monitoring may be recommended. This usually involves frequent PSA tests and digital rectal exams (DREs) to track any changes over time.
Why PSA Screening Matters
While this is not a definitive test for prostate cancer, PSA screening can help identify the disease at an initial stage when it is more treatable. Talking about the pros and cons of PSA testing with a doctor is important for making an educated decision.
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer happens when cells in the prostate gland start to grow out of control. It is one of the most common cancers in men and can be fatal if it spreads past the prostate.
Understanding the Prostate’s Role
The prostate and seminal vesicles are the ones that produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm during ejaculation. This gland is located just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube carrying urine and semen.
Benign vs. Malignant Growths
Not every prostate growth is cancerous. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlargement of the prostate that is non-cancerous. In contrast, malignant tumours can infiltrate nearby tissues or spread to distant areas of the body (a process called metastasis).
The Danger of Metastasis
When prostate cancer travels to bones or organs such as the bladder or rectum, treatment becomes more complicated. Initial detection through tools such as PSA testing can make all the difference.
What are the Symptoms and Causes of Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer usually develops quietly, revealing no symptoms in its initial stages. Symptoms normally show up only when the tumour has grown sufficiently to impact the urinary tract.
Common Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
When prostate cancer progresses, men may encounter:
- Constant urination, particularly at night
- Urgency to urinate
- Difficulty urinating
- Weak urine flow or extended voiding
- Incomplete emptying of the bladder
- Blood in urine or semen
Signs of Advanced Disease
When the cancer travels, symptoms may include bone pain, pelvic discomfort, weight loss, and testicular pain.
Risk Factors
Some factors that elevate the risk of developing prostate cancer:
- Age: Risk elevates with age, specifically after 50.
- Family History: A first-degree relative with prostate or breast cancer increases your risk.
- Obesity: Connected to advanced prostate cancer.
What are the Treatment Options for Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer treatment depends on factors such as the stage of cancer, the patient’s general health, and personal preferences.
Surgery (Radical Prostatectomy)
This procedure involves taking away the prostate gland and nearby tissue. It is usually suggested for initial-stage prostate cancer and may be conducted through robotic-assisted techniques.
Radiation Therapy
This incorporates high-energy rays to eliminate cancer cells. It includes external beam radiation and brachytherapy (implanting radioactive seeds in the prostate).
Hormone Therapy (Androgen Deprivation)
Hormone therapy slows the growth of cancer by decreasing male hormone (testosterone) levels. It is usually combined with radiation or used for advanced cancer.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is reserved for more advanced stages; it eliminates cancer cells using drugs administered intravenously or orally.
Active Surveillance and watchful waiting
Men with slow-growing or low-risk prostate cancer may be monitored frequently instead of starting prompt treatment. It involves frequent PSA tests and prostate exams or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. Who should get a PSA test?
Men who are 50 and older, or younger men with risk factors like a family history of prostate cancer, are eligible and should consider a PSA test.
2. Can elevated PSA levels indicate something other than cancer?
Yes. Conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and even engaging in sexual activity recently or exercise can increase PSA levels.
3. How frequently should I get PSA tested?
The frequency of testing varies by age and risk factors. Some men may be tested every year, while others every two years. Consult your doctor about your risk profile.
4. Is PSA screening painful?
No. The PSA test involves a straightforward blood draw and is minimally invasive.
Schedule an Appointment at Pantai Hospitals
Prostate cancer, when detected early on, is one of the most treatable cancers. PSA screening plays an important role in detecting the disease early.
Knowing the benefits and risks of PSA screening can help you make educated decisions. Coupled with lifestyle adjustments and frequent medical check-ups, screening ensures better health results in the long run. If you are over 50 or at risk, do not wait for symptoms to occur.
Schedule your appointment today and begin your journey toward better health. Our team is here to support you every step of the way. You may also schedule an appointment via our website or download our My Health 360 application which can be obtained at Google Play Store.
Pantai Hospitals have been accredited by the Malaysian Society for Quality in Health (MSQH) for its commitment to patient safety and service quality.
